第二届年度 STEM 写作比赛的获奖者

从蛇毒和蛋壳到阿尔茨海默氏症和 Covid-19,学生们解释了科学、技术、工程和数学领域的概念。

。。。奥亚拉荣子

科学家和科学作家从哪里得到他们的想法?他们密切关注周围的世界并提出问题,然后寻找最让他们着迷的答案。

至少,这是我们第二届年度STEM写作大赛的前11名获奖者中有多少人描述了他们的过程。与去年一样,我们和我们的合作伙伴《科学新闻》要求世界各地的青少年选择他们感兴趣的任何与STEM相关的问题,概念或问题,并以500字或更少的字数向普通观众解释。 而且,与去年一样,我们在提交表单中添加了一个可选字段,邀请参与者告诉我们他们如何选择该主题。

以下是一些摘录。阅读它们,然后扫描下面获奖论文的标题,看看您是否可以猜出哪些可能与哪个搭配。(答案在帖子底部。

答:“去年,我父亲在修房时摔倒时膝盖严重割伤。虽然伤口很快就用整齐的一排缝合起来,但几天后就出现了感染的迹象。

B.“我碰巧有两只金丝雀。起初,第二个没有一首歌......”

C. “作为一名有抱负的机械工程师,我总是倾向于关注系统和产品,并思考,'我怎样才能做得更好?'”

D.“我一直很喜欢狗,在隔离期间,我和我的狗林戈变得更加亲密。我开始质疑...”

不过,我们希望您能做的不仅仅是扫描。点击链接阅读这些引人入胜的文章全文,您将看到我们的获奖者如何令人印象深刻的将复杂的科学思想——关于雀和长须鲸、海水淡化和痴呆、聚合物和孔雀螳螂虾——转化为不仅信息丰富、易于理解,而且阅读愉快。

2020 年,即该比赛的第一年,有 1,618 名学生提交了参赛作品。今年的参与人数增加了一倍多,达到3,741个参赛作品。我们已经计划第三年举办这项比赛,如果您有兴趣加入我们,那么您最好的办法就是将这些获奖者的作品作为导师文本进行研究——了解如何追随您的好奇心;寻找可靠的研究来源;制作引人入胜的开头段落;使用类比和隐喻来帮助外行人理解一个困难的概念;并尝试声音和风格,让你的文章唱歌。

恭喜11位获奖者、15位亚军和36位荣誉奖,感谢所有送作业的老师和学生,以及许多自愿帮助我们选择的具有STEM背景的评委。

按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

获奖论文

Natalia Araña, age 16, Philippine Science High School, Quezon City, Philippines: “Mycowood Violins: A Different Kind of Time Machine

Sophie Araten, age 15, Millburn High School, Millburn, N.J.: “Unleash the Tests: The Four-Legged Future of Covid-19 Testing

Maggie Bell, age 16, Lakeside High School, Atlanta, Ga.: “Dishwashers and Dementia: The Brain System You’ve Never Heard Of

Jaejeong Kim, age, 17, Hunter College High School, New York, N.Y.: “A Rising Star: These Star-Shaped Polymers May Be Our Last Defense Against Superbugs

Hoonsun Lee, age 17, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea: “Origami in Space Engineering: Rediscovering the Meaning of Discovery

Suleiman Mohamed, age 16, British School Muscat, Muscat, Oman: “The Peacock Mantis Shrimp: The Ant-Man of Atlantis

Nicola Myers, age 17, Boise High School, Boise, Idaho: “And the Grammy Goes to … Fin Whales?

Erin Rasmussen, age 14, Andover High School, Andover, Mass.: “The World’s Best Quarantiners

Kelly Shen, age 16, Sacred Heart Schools, Atherton, Calif.: “From Babbling to Birdsong: What Finches Can Teach Us About Vocal Learning

Dana Steinke, age 16, Saratoga High School, Saratoga, Calif.: “The Motion of the Ocean: Using Sea Waves to Desalinate Seawater

Jocelyn Tan, age 15, Ridge High School, Basking Ridge, N.J.: “Sleep to Clean: A Prevention of Plaques That Lead to Alzheimer’s Disease

Simran Anand, age 16, Crestwood Preparatory College, Toronto, Ontario: “Tiny Heros”

Elizabeth Banzhaf, age 17, Lakeside High School, Atlanta, Ga.: “The Magic of Fireflies”

Varun Fuloria, age 14, The Harker School, San Jose, Calif,: “The Healing Powers of a Deadly Bite — Medicinal Applications of Snake Venom”

Alyssa Kang, age 13, J.H.S. 067 Louis Pasteur, Little Neck, N.Y.: “Eggshells and Tomato Peels: Your Next Set of Tires”

Pooja Kanyadan, age 15, Wheeler High School, Marietta, Ga.: “The Curious Case of Orange Fur: Epigenetics and Its Powerful Role in Gene Expression”

Anna Lehman, age 15, Porter-Gaud School, Charleston, S.C.: “Air Pollution Against Our Global Aviary: An Unacknowledged Attack on Birds Everywhere”

Zheshen Li, age 16, Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science, Princeton, N.J.: “The More You Build, the Worse It Gets: Braess’s Paradox”

Emily Liu, age 17, Northview High School, Duluth, Ga.: “Happy Pills? Emotions and the Search for a Way to Control Them, Starting With Antidepressants”

Evan Lu, age 15, Conestoga High School, Berwyn, Pa.: “Machine-Made Music: How Artificial Intelligence Is Redefining Musical Composition”

Diya Mukherjee, age 15, The Harker Upper School, San Jose, Calif.: “Dying Patients, Dying Transplants: The Potential of Machine Perfusion”

Shivani Patel, age 17, Manhasset High School, Manhasset, N.Y.: “The Role of Cytokines in the Immune System: Friends or Foes?”

Uma Sthanu, age 13, Pearson Ranch Middle School, Austin, Texas: “Eye-to-Eye: How We Receive and Send Emotional Signals Through Our Eyes”

Vanessa Yip, age 15, Cheltenham Ladies’ College, Gloucester, United Kingdom: “Do Animals Grieve?”

Kathleen Zhang, age 17, The Peddie School, Hightstown, N.J.: “Viruses Can Save Lives — The Scope of Oncolytic Virus Therapy”

Yanze Ryan Zhu, age 12, Rumsey Hall School, Washington Depot, Conn.: “The Unexpected Sequela of Coronavirus”

Brian Caballo, age 17, The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, N.Y.: “Wintertime Regression and Seasonal Depression”

Camille Campbell, age 16, home-school, Scottsdale, Ariz.: “Making a Martian: Is Tardigrade Genetic Material the Key to Colonizing Mars?”

Sam: “Facial Recognition Is Everywhere”

Isabela: “The Crying Bias: How Preventing Yourself From Crying Might Be Detrimental to Your Health”

Eric Han, age 17, Great Valley High School, Phoenixville, Pa.: “The Issue of Plastic Pollution, and How Bacteria and Engineered Enzymes Are Fighting Back”

Huda Haque, age 17, North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, N.C.: “Time Isn’t Real. So How Do Our Brains Keep Track of It?”

Jisoo Hwang, age 17, Mclean High School, Mclean, Va.: “Two Simple Clicks: A New Solution to Help the Environment”

Robert Igbokwe, age 18, Latin School of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.: “The Shortcut for Slowing Climate Change That We Absolutely Shouldn’t Take”

Celina Jia, age 14, Livingston High School, Livingston N.J.: “The Growing Danger of Antibiotic-Resistant Germs”

Ishika Jain, age 14, Glen Burnie High School, Glen Burnie, Md.: “No Needles Needed: A Plant-Based Oral Vaccine for Rabies”

Sean Kim, age 16, Tenafly High School, Tenafly, N.J.: “Keto: Diet and Cure?”

Kate Kimball, age 17, Coppell High School, Coppell, Texas, and Hana Yang, age 17, Parkland High School, Allentown, Pa.: “Direct Air Capture: A Solution for a Carbon Neutral Future”

Ella Kitt, age 18, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy, La Cañada, Calif.: “Pavlov Says Press Like: How Social Media Hijacks Neural Pathways”

Aliya Shahnaz Kraybill, age 15, United World College of Southeast Asia, Singapore: ‘’Thank You for the Music’: “Thank You for the Music”

Pragya Kumar, age 16, Poolesville High School, Poolesville, Md.: “The Truth About Lie Detection”

Saachi Kuthariage, age 16, Millburn High School, Millburn, N.J.: “Bacteria and Yeast Could Be the Future of the Fashion Industry. Here’s How.”

Jeffrey: “Killing Superbugs With … Air? How Singlet Oxygen Can Hold the Line Against Antibacterial Resistant Bacteria”

Richard Lin, age 16, Bellaire High School, Houston, Texas: “Coronavirus Tests and Crime Scene Forensics: The Science Behind the Polymerase Chain Reaction”

Sherry Liu, age 17, North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, N.C.: “The Password You Can Never Forget”

Yumu Liu, age 18, Rancho Solano Preparatory School, Scottsdale, Ariz.: “Skin Hunger”

Nichapatr (Petch) Lomtakul, age 16, Bangkok Patana School, Bangkok, Thailand: “Uncoordinated Ripples: Why You Have a Bad Memory”

Yuhong Lu, age 17, Bellevue High School, Bellevue, Wash.: “Struggling to Memorize? Go Sleep!”

Megan Luong, age 15, Notre Dame High School, San Jose, Calif.: “The Treasure Chest of 21st Century Medicine: Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems Hold Potential Cures”

Zane Miller, age 18, Garaway Local Schools, Sugarcreek, Ohio: “Human Limb Regeneration Might Not Be Too Far Away”

Abigail Negron, age 16, Jose Marti STEM Academy, Union City, N.J: “Tiny Roommates: The Reality of Where You Sleep”

Ambika Polavarapu, age 17, Millburn High School, Millburn, N.J.: “Maybe Viruses Don’t Have to Be the Bad Guys?”

Mulan Qin, age 17, BASIS International School, Hangzhou, China: “Seeking Light from Darkness”

Cathrine Sakin, age 16, Walter G. O’Connell Copiague High School, Copiague, N.Y.: “Light Pollution and Consequential Nocturnal Pollination Patterns”

Zinuo Wu, age 19, North Cross School, Shanghai, China: “Protein ‘Noodle Soup’: Playing With Disorder in a Rational Biological World”

Eason Yang, age 16, Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ontario: “Farewell to the Pandemic Year: How Does the mRNA Vaccine Function?”

Athena Yeung, age 16, Burlingame High School, Burlingame, Calif.: “CRISPR: The Future in the Fight Against Cancer”

Kate: “The Sweet Lies Behind Artificial Sweetener”

Hyunseo (Cecilia) Yoon, age 14, Seoul International School, Seoul, South Korea: “Notorious App Deepfake Makes Digital Farewell Possible”

Sophia Zhang, age 16, Homestead High School, Cupertino, Calif.: “Human-Produced Noise Pollution Is Now Affecting Bat Hunting Patterns”

Olivia Zhu, age 15, James Madison Memorial High School, Madison, Wis.: “Hydroponics: The Sustainable Way to Feed Everyone Nutritious Food”

Yitian Zhu, age 18, Seven Lakes High School, Katy, Texas: “Metallic Hydrogen: A High-Pressure Oxymoron”


From the Society for Science Community: Victoria Bampoh, Samm Blunt, David Bray, Jennifer Donnelly, Phebe Martinez Fuentes, Shantanu Gaur, Michelle Hackman, Dana Herbsman, Lori Herbsman, Meghan Hess, Kehakashan Khan, Allison Lee, David Lockett, Nadia Makar, Aaron Meyer, Amanda Nix, Dawn Parker, Shannon Payne, Breann Ross, Gerald Sanders, Ernst Schneidereit, Amy Telford, Yesenia Torrescolon, Peggy Veatch, Laura Wilbanks and Jieun Yoo

From The New York Times Science-Journalism Community: David Brown, Cara Giamo, Shannon Stirone

From The Learning Network Community: Kathryn Curto, Michael Gonchar, Jeremy Engle, Simon Levien, Tiffany Liu, Keith Meatto, Natalie Proulx, Katherine Schulten, Melissa Slater, Vanessa Vieux,

第三届年度 STEM 写作比赛获奖名单

从左上角顺时针方向:“活着:不朽的水母如何欺骗死亡”;“颜色与大脑:我们都只是调色板的木偶吗?“从敌人到朋友:我的杀手止痛药”;“美味的罗非鱼:你的下一个绷带?和“干鼻Covid-19疫苗:无痛和无针的替代品”

想象一个我们可以将致癌烟草转化为可再生能源的世界;针头几乎无痛;我们可以重新利用自己的细胞来逆转退行性疾病;以及我们可以使用激光发现埋藏的古代世界的地方。

这听起来像科幻小说的内容,但这些只是青少年为我们的第三届年度STEM写作比赛研究和撰写的一些创新和科学可能性。

我们与《科学新闻》的合作伙伴一起,邀请学生选择科学、技术、工程、数学或健康方面的一个问题或问题,并在 500 字以内进行解释。有些人解决了他们在自己生活中观察到的问题,比如麦齐耀,他在接受手术后想知道什么可以帮助伤口更快地愈合。(一个答案?罗非鱼皮。其他人对周围的世界感到好奇。海伦·罗奇(Helen Roche)想了解颜色如何影响大脑——她甚至在家里的不同颜色的房间里写了一篇文章来找出答案。(“紫色是迄今为止最好的,橙色是迄今为止最差的。还有一些人承担了重大的全球性问题,比如艾米丽·邢(Emily Xing),她想找到解决吸烟的方法(她的祖国中国是世界领先的烟草消费国),最终也找到了应对气候变化的解决方案。

从 3,564 个参赛作品中,我们选出了 8 个获奖者、16 个亚军和 33 个荣誉奖。这些文章不仅向我们介绍了一个有趣的科学或数学概念,而且以一种外行人可以理解的方式进行,并且阅读起来很吸引人。您可以通过以下链接完整阅读八篇获奖文章。

艾米丽告诉我们,写文章帮助她“想象一个人们不怕尝试疯狂想法和承担创造性风险的社会——一个牵强附会的创新可以帮助编织更美好的明天和解决全球问题的地方。我们希望,像我们一样,你能从这些文章中学到一些新的东西,并为这些年轻人描绘的充满希望的未来感到振奋。

恭喜我们的获奖者,感谢所有送作业的老师和学生,以及许多自愿帮助我们选择的具有STEM背景的评委。

按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

获奖论文

Varun Fuloria, age 15, The Harker School, San Jose, Calif.: “Stayin’ Alive: How the Immortal Jellyfish Cheats Death

Amy Ge, age 15, The Governor’s Academy, Byfield, Mass.: “Dry Nasal Covid-19 Vaccines: A Pain- and Needle-Free Alternative

Rahul Koppisetti, age 16, Livingston High School, Livingston, N.J.: “Maggots: A Revolting Medical Rebirth

Helen Roche, age 17, Lakewood High School, Lakewood, Ohio: “Color and the Brain: Are We All Simply Puppets of the Color Palette?

Pyncha Soottreenart, age 17, Bangkok International Preparatory and Secondary School, Bangkok: “From Foe to Friend: The Mosquito’s Painkiller

Emily Xing, age 16, Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Md.: “From Addiction to … Aviation? Tobacco, an Unexpected Fuel for the Future

Qi Yao Mak, age 15, Shanghai High School International Division, Shanghai: “Tasty Tilapia: Your Next Bandage?

Anya Zhang, age 17, Dublin Jerome High School, Dublin, Ohio: “From Car Sensors to Archeological Maps, Laser Technology Proves a Bright Idea

Runners-Up

Rysa Antonette Ang, age 16, Philippine Science High School, Quezon City, Philippines: “The Tale of the Modern-Day Sirens”

Minjae Baek, age 17, Korea International School, Jeju, Korea: “Adsorption-Based Separation: A Step Closer to Combating Climate Change”

Sabrina Bauche Roberta Córdova, age 16, La Salle, Cancún, Mexico: “Extraterrestrial Plants: The Future of Sustainability in Space”

Anne Christiono, age 15, William P. Clements High School, Sugar Land, Texas: “Cursing to Cope With Pain and Stress: An Evolutionary Explanation”

Youyi Ding, age 15, Westmont High School, Campbell, Calif.: “Wordle Spelling our ABCs: The Science Behind Wordle”

Crystal Fu, age 16, William B. Travis High School, Richmond, Texas: “The Condition That CHEW’ve Never Heard Of”

Robert Gao, age 15, University Laboratory High School, Urbana, Ill.: “Cutting-Edge Magic: How CRISPR and Cas9 Redefine the Impossible”

Bryan Deidrick Kho, age 16, St. Louis 1 Catholic Senior High School, Surabaya, Indonesia: “Inner Speech: Conscience or Crazy?”

Dohyun Kim, age 17, Seoul Foreign School, Seoul: “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Where Brain Meets Brawn”

Audrey Kuo, age 16, The Academy for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Rockaway, N.J.: “Songbirds and Synapses: How Music Facilitates Neurogenesis and Fights Alzheimer’s”

Malissa Li, age 11, Mason Intermediate School, Mason, Ohio: “Lessons Learned From Laziness: How Bears Beat Muscle Stiffness”

Stephanie Qian, age 12, Suncrest Elementary School, Burnaby, British Columbia: “Human Decomposition: From Human Corpses to Garden Soil”

Caroline Pettigrew, age 15, Bellaire High School, Houston: “Smart Shirt: The Fashion of the Future”

Grace Sun, age 16, The Bishop’s School, San Diego, Calif.: “Music of the Heart”

Hongning Wang, age 15, Eastlake High School, Sammamish, Wash.: “Meet AlphaFold, the Artificial Intelligence Unfolding Biochemistry”

Yu Xiao, age 14, North Allegheny Intermediate High School, Pittsburgh: “Can the ‘Magic Drug’ Metformin Significantly Increase Your Lifespan?”

Honorable Mentions

Julia Banuelos, age 16, Piedmont High School, Piedmont, Calif.: “Understanding the Psychology and Neuroscience of Implicit Bias”

Weihan Chen, age 14, Valley Forge Middle School, Wayne, Pa.: “How Running Helps the Human Brain Stay on Track”

Joshua Diao, age 17, Mission San Jose High School, Fremont, Calif.: “The Hermit Thrush: A Singer’s Closest Relative”

Ella Evans, age 14, Bellaire High School, Houston: “How a ‘Poop-Pill’ Can Remedy a Peanut Allergy”

Angel Gupta, age 16, Wilton High School, Wilton, Conn.: “Tan, Sunburn or None of the Above: The Underrated Truth Behind Our Skin Color”

Alice Guo, age 17, Westford Academy, Westford, Mass.: “Revenge Is a Dish Best Served … Through Procrastination?”

Myungjae Han, age 17, Kellett School, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong: “Xenotransplantation: Pigs, Frankenstein and the Future of Medicine”

Amelia Joseph, age 15, Indus International School, Bangalore, India: “Losing the Genetic Lottery: The Blue People of Kentucky”

Saahil Joshi, age 17, Crystal Springs Uplands School, Hillsborough, Calif.: “Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth: The Science and Future of Drug-Drug Interactions”

Micah: “Salt: The Sapid and Sophisticated Seasoning”

Katherine Kricorian, age 17, Santa Susana High School, Simi Valley, Calif.: “From Algae to Energy: A Blooming Solution to Pollution”

Chloe Lee, age 14, Korea International School Pangyo Campus, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: “Do Plants Have Feelings?”

Seungjae (Andy) Lee, age 13, Hong Kong International School, Tai Tam, Hong Kong: “Keeping Your Pet Friend Forever: Is Cloning a Soul Possible?”

Zhuocheng Li, age 16, Green Hope High School, Cary, N.C.: “The Blood That Saved Countless Lives”

Andrew C. Lin, age 12, Visions in Education Homeschool Academy, Carmichael, Calif.: “Breaking the Speech Barrier”

Andy Lu, age 16, Desert Vista High School, Phoenix: “Hypersonic Flight: Can We Go Faster?”

Camille: “Sugar and the Body: A Bittersweet Relationship”

Natalia Meza, age 17, American School of Madrid, Madrid: “What Happens in Vagus, Stays in Vagus?”

Aman Mistry, age 17, Smithtown High School, East Saint James, N.Y.: “Helping a Blind Man See: The Miracle of Optogenetics”

Dalli (Diane) Nam, age 14, The Madeira School, McLean, Va.: “Could Genetically-Engineered Pigs Save Human Lives?”

Khew Pearlvei and Tan Hui Shi, ages 16, Raffles Girls’ School (Secondary), Singapore: “The Ickiest Big Business: Human Waste to Fuel”

Megan Rowe, age 15, The Potomac School, McLean, Va.: “Lighting Up the Way: How Bioluminescence Helps Us Survive”

Suyeon Ryu, age 15, Stuyvesant High School, New York, N.Y.: “The Role Racial Classification Lies in Science”

Brent Shi, age 14, Atlanta International School, Atlanta: “It’s the Yeast We Can Do: A Fungus Prompting Big Discoveries in Space Travel”

Betty Shiqing Lu, age 16, United World College, Changshu, China: “An Unexpected Burst of Energy: Supercapacitors Made From the Glossy-Leaved Paper Plant”

Jenny Tang, age 17, duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Ky.: “A Lending (Augmented) Hand: How Virtual Reality Redefines the Surgical World”

Rishi Vridhachalam, age 16, Portola High School, Irvine, Calif.: “Shrouded in Slime, an Ancient Sea Sounds the Siren”

Priya Venkatesan, age 17, Walton High School, Marietta, Ga.: “Elephants: Colossal, Resilient and the Key to Curing Cancer”

Lucia Wang, age 17, Staples High School, Westport, Conn.: “Crumbling Paintings, Swelling Crystals and Menacing Monsoons: Climate Change’s Erasure of Humanity’s Oldest Art”

Guanhua Wen, age 15, Sage Hill School, Newport Coast, Calif.: “Nature’s Murder Mystery: The Bloodfall in Antarctica”

Angela Yang, age 14, Granada Hills Charter High School, Los Angeles: “A Dance Party on the Spinal Cord: The New Cure for Paralysis”

Serena Yue, age 12, Basis International School, Shenzhen, China: “The Musical Power of Healing: Reducing Epileptic Seizures”

Zhishuo Zhu age 17, Hangzhou Foreign Language School, Hangzhou, China: “Artificial Intelligence: Becoming Human”

感谢竞赛评委

From the Society for Science Community: Victoria Bampoh, David Bray, Jennifer Donnelly, Phebe Martinez Fuentes, Terianne Hall, Lori Herbsman, Meghan Hess, Kehakashan Khan, Jefferson Marshall, Amanda Nix, Dawn Parker, Shannon Payne, Breann Ross, Amy Telford, Yesenia Torrescolon, Peggy Veatch, Laura Wilbanks, Jieun Yoo

From The New York Times Science-Journalism Community: David Brown, Cara Giamo, Shannon Stirone

From The Learning Network Community: Kathryn Curto, Jeremy Engle, Caroline Gilpin, Michael Gonchar, Annissa Hambouz, Simon Levien, Keith Meatto, Natalie Proulx, Vanessa Vieux, Sonya Wisdom

From Car Sensors to Archaeological Maps, Laser Technology Proves a Bright Idea

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是张安雅的。

信用。。。卢米纳尔科技
这篇文章由来自俄亥俄州都柏林都柏林杰罗姆高中的 17 岁的 Anya Zhang 撰写,是学习网络第三届年度 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一我们收到了 3,564 份参赛作品。

Straight from a science fiction blockbuster, light particles allow self-driving cars to detect surrounding objects, scientists to map out the ocean floor, and even archaeologists to uncover historical monuments. Gee-whiz as it may seem, light detection and ranging, or lidar, utilizes light molecules to “see” the environment around it.

So how is lidar able to detect objects? Through laser pulses, light photons are shot out, interacting with the different surfaces they encounter. Think of billiard balls — a poke from the pool cue sends the balls flying, knocking into the table sides or bouncing off one another until they plummet into the corner pockets. Similar to billiards, some of the light particles reflect off a surface and return back to the pocket of the lidar instrument.

Carrying energy in a “waveform,” lidar technology collects data on the time and angle at which the light photons enter the instrument. Lidar compiles photons arriving at similar times and directions into energy spikes; larger spikes indicate that the light bounced off an object or the ground. Using these spikes and the x-, y- and z-coordinate information provided by individual photons, lidar can depict a minuscule surface. Stitching these surfaces into a patchwork, lidar can generate detailed 3-D representations of an area, presenting even the leaves of trees or the crevices in a sidewalk.

Different technologies can also use unique types of light, depending on the purpose. For example, one of the two categories of lidar, bathymetric, uses green light. This green light can penetrate water, which makes it useful for charting underwater surfaces. The other category of lidar, topographic, uses infrared light: a classification of light that ranks on the lower end of the electromagnetic energy spectrum compared to green light. Topographic lidar is typically employed to map out land features and is utilized in smaller sensors.

Currently, smaller lidar sensors are used to detect speeding violations or to sense road surroundings in self-driving cars. However, more powerful lidar technology is implemented for a larger task: visually representing entire land expanses. In October of 2021, Science News reported that lasers aided the archaeological discovery of an underground plaza and pyramid in Guatemala.

David Stuart, the director of the Mesoamerica Center of the University of Texas at Austin, explained that “there was no visible stonework there” so “it was thought to be a natural hill.” Encrusted with soil and vegetation, the structures were camouflaged from the everyday eye. However, because of the lidar maps collected by helicopters, archaeologists matched the layout of the “hill” to that of a similar structure: La Ciudadela, a plaza located near Mexico City. This revelation led experts to discover the hidden structures.

Outside of its archaeological implications, lidar maps provide a multitude of exciting opportunities. Scientists can use the technology to characterize vegetation in different ecosystems or to plan efforts in the face of landslides or tsunamis. No matter its application, lidar is certainly making “light” work of science fiction laser fantasies by making 3-D-mapping aspirations a reality.

Works Cited

Bower, Bruce. “Lidar Reveals a Possible Blueprint for Many Olmec and Maya Ceremonial Sites.” Science News, 27 Oct. 2021.

Quain, John R. “What Self-Driving Cars See.” The New York Times, 25 May 2017.

Rodrigues, Meghie. “Lasers Reveal Construction Inspired by Ancient Mexican Pyramids in Maya Ruins.” Science News, 22 Oct. 2021.

Wasser, Leah A. “The Basics of Lidar — Light Detection and Ranging — Remote Sensing.” Neon, 7 Oct. 2020.

“What Is Lidar and What Is It Used For?” American Geosciences Institute, 2 Nov. 2020.

Tasty Tilapia: Your Next Bandage?

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这个是麦琦瑶写的。

信用。。。Meridith Kohut为《纽约时报》撰稿
这篇文章由来自上海高中国际部的15岁的麦琦耀撰写,是学习网络第三届年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

A slimy, grayish, thin rectangular patch was put on the electrician Josué Bezerra Jr.’s burn wound. But that flap of scaly, stretchable skin wasn’t just any bandage. It could be lying on your dinner table now. Meet the humble tilapia, the new Brazilian savior.

Brazil’s hospitals lack ready supply of the usual human, pig and artificial skin needed to satisfy burn treatment demands. So, doctors often use sulfurside cream and gauze to dress wounds, which requires painful daily dressings. Dr. Edmar Maciel then thought to use tilapia skin, which was readily available, as an alternative bandage. In 2015, he started preclinical trials with tilapia skin at the Federal University of Ceará.

The treatment begins with doctors cleansing the fish skin with multiple solutions, then sending it to São Paulo for radiosterilization, ensuring that it’s virus-free. Tilapia skin can last up to two years after sterilization.

During treatment, doctors disinfect the wound area thoroughly before applying the sterilized tilapia skin. The skin covers the wound area and stays on until recovery, just like a permanent Band-Aid. Tilapia skin “prevents loss of moisture and proteins on the wound and it stays bonded to the bed of the wound until it heals over,” Dr. Maciel said. This process helps the wound to recover faster and protects it from contamination. Moreover, tilapia skin has high type I collagen content. The collagen component promotes the growth of fibroblasts, a type of cell in the connective tissue, helping the wound patch up and generate new layers of skin. Eventually, the tilapia skin will dry out — no need for the daily changing that cream and gauze require.

Surprisingly, the tilapia approach was more effective than the cream and gauze. Dr. Maciel’s 2017 Phase II study compared the traditional method with the tilapia bandage. One hundred fifteen outpatients ranging from 18 to 70 years old participated in the study. Half used the conventional method; half used tilapia. On average, the tilapia group took 1.43 days fewer to regenerate their skin and used 3.72 fewer dressings than the gauze and cream group.

“I didn’t take any antibiotics or pain medication. At 13 days, it was already scarring over,” Mr. Bezerra reported, satisfied at his speedy recovery.

Compared with other types of skin bandages, tilapia provides more benefits. Pig and toad skin have limited usage because of the risk of animal disease infections. Human skin banks rely heavily on donors; however, each check-passed donor can only provide one-third of his or her total skin. On the other hand, tilapia skin comes readily from tilapia fish farms as a waste product and has no risk of infection.

The American Burn Association reports that around 450,000 burn patients need medical attention each year. That rate is higher among low- and-middle-income countries, such as Brazil and many more. Fortunately, at least 500 burn victims have received the tilapia bandage. Doctors hope that it can reach more patients in the years to come.

Works Cited

Associated Press. “Grafted Skin Aids Burn Victims, But There Is a Need for Donors.” The New York Times, 14 June 1981.

“Burns.” World Health Organization, 6 March 2018.

de Sousa, Sérgio. “300+ Burn Victims Treated With Tilapia Skin in Ceará Since 2016.” Agência UFC, 20 May 2021.

Maciel Lima Jr., Edmar, et al. “Nile Tilapia Fish Skin-Based Wound Dressing Improves Pain and Treatment-Related Costs of Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial.” Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 1 May 2021.

Sussman, Nadia. “Can Tilapia Skin Be Used to Bandage Burns?” YouTube, uploaded by STAT News, 2 March 2017.

“Tilapia Skin Burn Bandage.” World Innovation Summit for Health, 5 Aug. 2021.

Valenzuela-Rojo, David R., et al. “Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) Collagen for Medical Biomaterials.” Seaweed Biomaterials, 5 Nov. 2018.

Yang, Fei, et al. “Marine Collagen Peptides Promote Cell Proliferation of NIH-3T3 Fibroblasts Via NF-κB Signaling Pathway.” Molecules, 19 Nov. 2019.

From Addiction to … Aviation? Tobacco, an Unexpected Fuel for the Future

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是邢慧仪的。


信用。。。杰拉尔德·赫伯特/美联社

这篇文章由Emily Xing撰写,16岁,来自马里兰州埃利科特市的百年高中。,是学习网络第三年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一,我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

July 15, 2016. The world held its breath as a revolutionary airplane blazed overhead, leaving a silver trail across the sky. Forever changing countless industries, this flight was powered not by conventional fossil fuels, but rather by the world’s leading cause of preventable death: tobacco.

Today’s society faces a devastating smoking epidemic. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco products kill over eight million people annually — more than malaria, influenza, tuberculosis, AIDS and alcohol combined.

Unfortunately, millions of workers also depend on this deadly plant to support their families. A study by researchers at McGill University highlights why these farmers hesitate to switch to alternative crops: Tobacco has always had a readily available market, and its lands are typically unsuitable for any other plant. Completely eliminating tobacco therefore may not be the most feasible solution. So what if we repurposed it for healthy innovations, such as a sustainable fuel for the future, instead?

In 2014, South African Airways, Boeing and SkyNRG launched Project Solaris. The goal? To cultivate tobacco that can send airplanes into the sky.

Aviation is projected to account for over 22 percent of global carbon emissions by 2050, which makes finding eco-friendly energy sources an industry priority. Solaris, a special nicotine-free tobacco strain with maximized seed yield, is one promising solution. Scientists are refining the oil within these seeds to craft bioenergy that, compared to conventional fossil fuels, reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 83 percent!

On July 15, 2016, South African Airways flew its very first tobacco-powered flight. Six thousand three hundred liters of Solaris bioenergy carried the airplane from Johannesburg to Cape Town — a journey that, as Ian Cruickshank, the airline’s environmental affairs specialist, said, “shows the industry is really changing. Four or five years ago biofuel was seen as futuristic, and today it’s here.”

Unlike tobacco, growing common crops like corn for bioenergy generates many problems, from hurting global food security to disturbing local wildlife. But by repurposing the 10.5 million acres of already-existing tobacco farmlands, Solaris cultivation perfectly overcomes these challenges, all while producing more oil!

This creative endeavor has inspired people to see tobacco as “a viable source of energy for the future,” in the words of Robert Mills. The Virginian farmer now dedicates a portion of his land to grow biofuel tobacco every year in partnership with Tyton BioEnergy Systems, an eco-friendly power company.

Besides biofuel, research has found that tobacco has countless other applications, including deterring troublesome pests, serving as paper, and even yielding promising drugs for AIDS and cancer. These innovations take the first steps in providing society with alternative, beneficial uses for the plant, proving its boundless potential outside of smoking.

Just like Tyton’s president Peter Majeranowski said, slowly, but surely, we are “re-imagin[ing] tobacco’s place in the world.” The shift in this crop’s uses — from addiction to aviation and beyond — teaches us that even the most harmful substances can be repurposed for the better. All it takes is a little creativity for change to take off.

Works Cited

Bakalar, Nicholas. “A New Death Toll for Smoking.” The New York Times, 31 Oct. 2016.

Chandran, Nyshka. “Why Getting Farmers to Switch from Tobacco Crops Is a Struggle.” CNBC, 10 Jan. 2017.

“Converting Tobacco to a Bioenergy Crop.” Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 15 May 2012.

“The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control.” National Cancer Institute, June 2020.

“Fact Sheet: Malaria.” World Health Organization, 6 Dec. 2021.

“Fact Sheet: Tobacco.” World Health Organization, 26 July 2021.

“Global Health Topics: Tuberculosis.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Apr. 2020.

Grisan, Simone, et al. “Alternative Use of Tobacco as a Sustainable Crop for Seed Oil, Biofuel, and Biomass.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 23 Sept. 2016.

Guillory, Ferrel. “Save Our Small Farmers: Keep Subsidizing Tobacco.” Editorial, The Washington Post, 26 June 1983.

“Harmful Use of Alcohol Kills More than 3 Million People Each Year, Most of Them Men.” World Health Organization, 21 Sept. 2018.

Helmer, Jodi. “Meet the US Farmers Turning Their Tobacco Into Airplane Fuel.” The Guardian, 6 July 2016.

Hoshaw, Lindsey. “Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel.” KQED, 3 June 2014.

Kilian, Anine. “First Local Seed Selection to Take Place at Project Solaris.” Engineering News, 14 Oct. 2016.

LaGrave, Katherine. “South African Airways Completes Flight Using Fuel From Tobacco.” Condé Nast Traveler, 21 July 2016.

Maragakis, Lisa Lockerd. “COVID-19 vs. the Flu.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, 23 Feb. 2022.

“Solaris Energy Tobacco.” CORDIS | European Commission.

“The Toll of Tobacco in the United States.” Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 3 Nov. 2021.

Warmflash, David. “From Jet Fuel to Medicine, Tobacco Growers Turn a New Leaf.” Discover Magazine, 27 July 2016.

“Warning: Smoking Can Kill You.” Editorial, The New York Times, 28 Aug. 2012.

Willmott, Don. “Holy Smokes! Tobacco May Fuel Planes in the Future.” Smithsonian Magazine, 12 Nov. 2014.

Womack, Rocky. “Tyton BioEnergy Takes Step toward Marketing Tobacco-Based Products.” Tobacco Journal International, June 2015.

Zandt, Florian. “HIV/AIDS Deaths Continue To Decline.” Statista Infographics, 30 Nov. 2021.

From Foe to Friend: The Mosquito’s Painkiller

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是Pyncha Soottreenart的作品。


信用。。。维克多·布鲁(Victor J. Blue)为《纽约时报》撰稿
这篇文章由来自曼谷曼谷国际预科和中学的17岁的Pyncha Soottreenart撰写,是学习网络第三届年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

She, the killer from team Mother Nature. Bearing the weapon that pierced and murdered 52 billion humans throughout history. She is the number one source of suffering to mankind: She is the mosquito.

A red, itchy swelling is the only evidence a female mosquito leaves at the crime scene. When sucking blood, it pierces six needles (known as the proboscis) into our skin. Despite the act sounding rather painful, mosquitoes are hardly caught red-handed in the act. Why?

It’s not about being the strongest, but the smartest. The tip of the proboscis is soft, thus a third of the pressure is needed to penetrate the skin compared to a normal needle. Instead of using a large force, vibration motions at a frequency of 15-hertz are used. Less skin deformation occurs, hence fewer pain signals are transmitted from the area to alert us of the mosquito’s arrival.

When drawing blood out of our vessels, mosquitoes completely mask the pain when doing so. After the proboscis has been inserted into the skin, the sixth needle (the hypopharynx) releases a numbing agent in the saliva. This acts as an anaesthetic — completely silencing pain receptors from sending messages to the brain. So perhaps mosquitoes care about hurting us? No. Do not thank these insects. This tactic allows them to avoid getting crushed by our fists. Furthermore, the saliva may also contain parasites and pathogens, which cause the deadly diseases that kill over a million humans each year.

Mosquitoes will continue to be the villains in history. However, there is a silver lining. Recent advancements in mimicking the proboscis provide exciting innovations for the medical field.

“We can use what we have learned from mosquitoes as a starting point to create a better microneedle,” explained Bharat Bhushan, an engineer from Ohio State University who is the co-lead author of a study on developing a painless microneedle. The team’s proposal is to create a double needle. One needle will inject a numbing agent, and the second can be used to either draw blood or inject a drug. The design of the second needle will mimic the proboscis: a serrated shape, soft at the tip, that enters the skin through vibration. These mechanisms will make injections painless, and may eliminate the universal fear of long, sharp, pointy needles at the doctor’s office for good.

Here is another example: Back in 2020, an article by a team from the University of Michigan was published about the possibility of using proboscis-inspired needles to extract tissues during biopsy. The needle will cause less tissue deformation, so targeting tissues from cancerous regions will be easier. Therefore, cancer diagnosis becomes more accurate.

Ultimately, through evolution, nature has created functionality for life. Biomimicry provides a promising guide to progression in not only the field of medicine, but beyond. Perhaps it is time we unwrap the hidden gifts nature has provided to catapult human advancement, rather than simply perceiving them as a threat to mankind.

Works Cited

Dumé, Belle. “Painless Needle Mimics a Mosquito’s Bite.” New Scientist, 17 July 2008.

Li, Annie D. R., et al. “Mosquito Proboscis-Inspired Needle Insertion to Reduce Tissue Deformation and Organ Displacement.” Scientific Reports, 22 July 2020.

“Mosquito Bite Helps Create the Ideal Injection Needle.” De Engineur, 29 June 2018.

Reese, Hope. “Mosquitoes Might Be Humanity’s Greatest Foe. Should We Get Rid of Them?” Vox, 21 Aug. 2019.

Schroeder, Jackson. “Mosquitos Hold The Secret to Painless Needles.” The University Network, 2018.

Winegard, Timothy C. “The Mosquitoes Are Coming for Us.” Editorial, The New York Times, 27 July 2019.

Color and the Brain: Are We All Simply Puppets of the Color Palette?

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是海伦·罗奇(Helen Roche)的作品。

信用。。。布拉德·迪克森为《纽约时报》撰稿

这篇文章由来自俄亥俄州莱克伍德莱克伍德高中的 17 岁的海伦·罗奇撰写,是学习网络第三届年度 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一我们收到了 3,564 份参赛作品。

Just as we consume food, we consume color at an even greater rate, constantly digesting the different tonalities that paint our world. But little do we know that the beige of the library walls we study in, the red of busy hallways and restaurants, and the blue of your own bedroom have been strategically chosen from millions of different swatches and tones and shades to control our bodily functions and alter our emotional behavior.

From the moment you entered the world, you were swaddled in a baby pink blanket. The same pink of the padded walls that consoled a kicking and screaming child detained at the San Bernardino County Probation Department in California to sleep within 10 minutes. The same pink that covers the buildings of urban cities to prevent vandalism. And the same pink on the walls of visiting football teams’ locker rooms to calm grown men into submission and defeat. This shade of “Baker-Miller” pink finds itself recurring in our lives, all resulting in the same effect — comfort.

It’s known that color sets a mood: red feels energetic; orange and yellow are lively and a bit overwhelming; green and blue bring calmness; violet feels creative; pink is comforting; and neutrals feel … neutral. But it’s not so known how and why. Stephen Westland, a professor and the chair of color science and technology at the University of Leeds, explains that these effects are based on “light but not vision.” When exposed to color, the retinal cells of the eye don’t just send signals to the visual cortex to recognize such color, but also to the hypothalamus, the part of the brain in charge of the body’s self-regulation — the part of the brain unable to recognize visual images at all. Simply seeing a color, or, more particularly, the light the color gives off, can affect a person’s mood, temperature, sleep, heart rate, ability to eat and breathing patterns.

This stands true in an experiment conducted by Harold Wohlfarth, published in a 1982 issue of the International Journal of Biosocial Research, in which he repainted an orange and white classroom in shades of blue and installed gray carpeting in place of the previous orange rug; all of the students’ blood pressure, respiration rates and pulses dropped, and they all became calmer, after the room makeover. That included two blind students: Although their eyes were unable to see the physical changes, their hypothalami picked up the changes in wavelengths, so they were ultimately able to reap the same benefits of those with sight.

It might seem silly, but simple changes in colors can save lives. All around the world, each day, the color blue saves lives, whether by bathing a premature baby in blue light to replace blood transfusions or by shining blue light on the platforms of Tokyo’s Yamanote rail lines to keep a survivor of depression here to live another day. Blue is just one color, so imagine what the whole rainbow could do with a little research.

Maybe now you’ll think a little harder about that shirt you wear tomorrow — not only what it will say about you, but what it will do to you.

Works Cited

Gruson, Lindsey. “Color Has a Powerful Effect on Behavior, Researchers Assert.” The New York Times, 19 Oct. 1982.

“The Psychology of Color.” The New York Times, 8 Jan. 2006.

“The Psychology of Colors and Their Meanings.” Color Psychology, 2021.

Westland, Stephen. “Does Color Really Affect Our Mind and Body? A Professor of Color Science Explains.” The Conversation, 25 Sept. 2017.

Maggots: A Revolting Medical Rebirth

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是Rahul Koppisetti的。

信用。。。克里斯·查普曼/惠康收藏

这篇文章由16岁的Rahul Koppisetti撰写,来自新泽西州利文斯顿的利文斯顿高中。,是学习网络第三年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一,我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

A patient wakes from anesthesia after a successful foot surgery. As she regains consciousness, she feels an itching, wriggling sensation in her foot. Lifting the blanket to investigate, she is greeted by an abhorrent sight: hundreds of glutinous, yellow-white maggots.

Seemingly a scene straight out of a Mary Shelley novel, this uncomfortable example represents the cutting edge of modern medical treatments. In fact, maggots are one of only two animals (leeches being the other) approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical treatment.

Maggots thrive in necrotic wounds — wounds that struggle to heal due to insufficient blood flow. These wounds are breeding grounds for bacteria, which can lead to infection and, in extreme cases, amputation. Luckily, maggots love to feed on bacteria. The combination of tissue, bacteria and lack of blood flow creates a fleshy paradise for these insects. The most amazing part: Maggots only feed on necrotic skin, leaving healthy tissue untouched.

The French surgeon Ambroise Paré first described the efficacy of maggots for treating wounds in 1557. Despite this initial discovery, it was not until the American Civil War that maggots were intentionally used as treatment. John Forney Zacharias, the Confederate surgeon who initiated this approach, dubbed maggots “better than any agents we had at our command” after using them to save many lives.

After all this, you might wonder: Why have I never heard of medical maggots? What happened to their use following the Civil War? The answers to these questions lie within human psychology.

Our instinctive reaction to parasitic organisms is panic and aggression. Every cell in our nervous system is repulsed by the idea of parasites crawling in our skin. This rush of adrenaline often trumps all rationale.

The other factor is the way our brain groups things. For example, we associate Christmas with winter and presents. Our brain does this for almost all of the information it has. Unfortunately for them, maggots fall into a pretty nasty subgroup: flies, trash, infection and death.

You may think, certainly, we have more effective ways of cleaning out dead tissue. The alternative to maggots is doctors manually removing dead tissue with scalpels. “Using maggots, 80 percent of the wounds were free of dead tissue compared to 48 percent using traditional methods,” Dr. Ron Sherman, an entomologist studying the relationship between insects and disease, observed. “Less than 5 percent of patients who are destined for amputation are given a trial of maggot therapy … 50 to 70 percent of those amputations could probably be prevented.”

Humanity often overcomplicates its relationship with the natural world. We build our homes in dense towns and cities, far from the glades from which we arose. We seek dominion over nature through technologies like CRISPR, which provides a way for us to modify our DNA in the fashion we, not nature, see fit. However, complex technologies are not always the answer. The natural world has been the greatest problem-solver since its inception. Maggots present an opportunity for us to allow nature, honed over millennia, to do what it does best.

Works Cited

Mitra, Avir. “Maggots: A Vile Prescription.” WHYY, 16 Jan. 2019.

Mohd Zubir, Mohd Zurairie, et al. “Maggot Therapy in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21 Aug. 2020.

Renault, Marion. “A Truly Revolting Treatment Is Having a Renaissance.” The Atlantic, 2 June 2021.

Risen, Clay. “Medical Maggots.” The New York Times, 11 Dec. 2005.

Whitaker, Iain S., et al. “Larval Therapy From Antiquity to the Present Day: Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Applications and Future Potential.” Postgraduate Medical Journal, June 2007.

Dry Nasal Covid-19 Vaccines: A Pain- and Needle-Free Alternative

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是葛娇娇的。


信用。。。Amarjeet Kumar Singh/Anadolu Agency,通过Getty Images

这篇文章由15岁的Amy Ge撰写,来自马萨诸塞州拜菲尔德的州长学院。,是学习网络第三年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一,我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

Hyper-aware of every intake of breath, irrational fears of death flood your brain. Anxiety sets in. Fingers shaking, you replay relaxing tunes, revisit Pinterest posts, recall fond memories, and, suddenly, it’s your turn. Forcing a smile at the nurse, your eyes zone in on the instrument of destruction about to penetrate your fragile interiors: the needle.

As many as two out of three people are scared of needles. But for 20 percent of the world’s population, their fear goes beyond merely inducing anxiety. Instead, it develops into a crippling fear, so much so that they avoid vaccination altogether even during the United States’ deadliest pandemic in history: Covid-19. This poses a grave challenge for achieving herd immunity, presenting a whole new set of logistical issues. But what if we eliminated needles completely?

Nasal spray vaccines accomplish just that. A technique known as thin-film freeze-drying, or T.F.F.D., allows scientists to transform liquid vaccines into powders. Trehalose, a derivative of sucrose, or table sugar, is often added, which prevents the formation of toxic structures by creating organic glass “orbs” around proteins, maintaining the biological activities that elicit the immune response. In T.F.F.D., liquid vaccines are dropped on an ultracool surface, causing materials to freeze. Pressure is then reduced and low heat is applied so that the frozen water changes directly from solid to gas. The result? Powdered vaccines that “revive” with a quick spray in the nose.

Medical research is currently well underway, spearheaded by Seongkyu Yoon, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, who was recently granted $930,000 for the development of freeze-dried mRNA vaccines suitable for large-scale production. He explains that the T.F.F.D. process makes vaccines “more stable” and able to “extend their shelf life, as well as make them easier to transport, store and use.” This eliminates the need for cold-chain systems, and perhaps even medical workers, which, together, account for 72 percent of worldwide transportation costs, the equivalent of more than $1.2 billion. With lowered costs, vaccines can reach developing countries that were previously unable to afford the massive costs of outreach and transportation.

Intranasal vaccines have also proven more effective than traditional injections against pulmonary diseases like Influenza B and Covid-19. As Akiko Iwasaki, a professor of immunobiology at the Yale School of Medicine, explained in an interview, “the beauty of the local mucosal vaccine is that not only does it provide protection acutely, but also it’s a long-lasting immunity.” More important, dry vaccines create the potential for a pain-free alternative, which, as Dr. Iwasaki goes on to add, will likely “increase the number of people who want to vaccinate themselves,” especially for the 20 percent of the world’s population “afraid to take the needle.”

With over a dozen nasal vaccines in development worldwide, some now in Phase 3 trials, vaccines can finally be made available to all countries, not just a select few. Their superior efficacy and low transportation and outreach costs offer great potential in controlling the pandemic, especially as new, more lethal variants emerge. These pain-free nasal vaccines could help us get back to pre-Covid normal.

Works Cited

AboulFotouh, Khaled, et al. “Next-Generation Covid-19 Vaccines Should Take Efficiency of Distribution into Consideration.” AAPS PharmSciTech, 9 April 2021.

Cicco, Nancy. “UMass Lowell Is Working to Freeze-Dry Covid Vaccines.” UMass Lowell, 20 Jan. 2022.

Forman, Robert. “Nasal Vaccination May Protect Against Respiratory Viruses Better Than Injected Vaccines.” Yale School of Medicine, 21 Dec. 2021.

Griffiths, Ulla. “Costs of Delivering Covid-19 Vaccine in 92 AMC Countries.” World Health Organization, 8 Feb. 2021.

Love, Ashley S., and Robert J. Love. “Considering Needle Phobia Among Adult Patients During Mass Covid-19 Vaccinations.” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 3 April 2021.

Mandavilli, Apoorva. “The Covid Vaccine We Need Now May Not Be a Shot.” The New York Times, 2 Feb. 2022.

Stayin’ Alive: How the Immortal Jellyfish Cheats Death

我们通过发表论文来表彰学生 STEM 写作比赛的前八名获奖者。这是Varun Fuloria的。


信用。。。村井隆

这篇文章由15岁的Varun Fuloria撰写,来自加利福尼亚州圣何塞的哈克学校。,是学习网络第三年度STEM写作比赛的前八名获奖者之一,我们收到了3,564份参赛作品。

Two thousand years ago, the first emperor of China became obsessed with acquiring immortality, ruthlessly deploying his empire’s vast resources toward this quest. Unfortunately, Qin Shi Huang died at the age of 49 from ingesting mercury, which he mistakenly believed to be the elixir of life. Could the secret that eluded the powerful emperor, and the rest of humanity, be instead found in a humble jellyfish smaller than a fifth of an inch?

In 1988, Christian Sommer, a young German marine biologist on vacation in Italy, stumbled upon a peculiar trait in a known species of jellyfish. Instead of always growing older, Turritopsis dohrnii could seemingly reverse time until it reached the youngest stage of its development and began aging again. We now know that the adult jellyfish, also called a medusa, can transform into its youngest state, a polyp, in response to stressful conditions such as physical damage and starvation. An analogue of this “reverse metamorphosis” would be an adult butterfly that, when faced with danger, would transform into a caterpillar and would later grow back into a butterfly. Moreover, this magical insect would be able to repeat this process over and over again!

In order for the so-called “immortal jellyfish” to accomplish its curious transformation, its adult cells, which are already specialized for specific purposes, need to change into entirely different types of specialized cells. Turritopsis dohrnii represents the only known instance of this reprogramming process, called transdifferentiation, occurring in nature. However, there is considerable scientific interest in identifying artificial ways to repurpose cells in order to help reverse degenerative diseases. For example, heart failure is usually caused by the lack of healthy cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes. This could be addressed by reprogramming other heart cells, such as widely available fibroblasts, into new cardiomyocytes. Similarly, the transdifferentiation of adult liver cells into insulin-producing pancreatic cells could help reduce the impact of diabetes.

While Turritopsis dohrnii can be challenging to keep in the lab, being sensitive to temperature and diet, its transdifferentiation can be readily stimulated and occurs within 48 to 72 hours, making the process easy to study. Maria Pia Miglietta, an associate professor of marine biology at Texas A&M University at Galveston, is studying the messenger RNA molecules of the animal throughout various stages of its “life,” both during regular and reverse metamorphosis. Dr. Miglietta’s research identifies biological processes that are significantly over- and under-expressed across these stages, unlocking clues for artificially inducing transdifferentiation of cells in other organisms.

Despite its nickname, Turritopsis dohrnii is not really immortal in the manner that Qin Shi Huang aspired to be; it can easily be killed by predators or die of disease. However, its ability to reverse the aging process by reprogramming its cells could help develop treatments for some of humanity’s most widespread diseases. And that would bestow an undying legacy on this tiny sea creature.

Works Cited

Gannon, Megan. “China’s First Emperor Ordered Official Search for Immortality Elixir.” LiveScience, 27 Dec. 2017.

Ieda, Masaki, et al. “Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytes by Defined Factors.” Cell, 5 Aug. 2010.

“The Immortal Jellyfish.” American Museum of Natural History, 4 May 2015.

Ling, Thomas. “The Secrets of the Immortal Jellyfish, Earth’s Longest-Living Animal.” BBC Science Focus Magazine, 15 May 2021.

Miglietta, Maria Pia, et al. “Transcriptome Characterization of Reverse Development in Turritopsis dohrnii (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria).” G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 1 Dec. 2019.

Nagata, Renato. “Small Jellyfish and the Secret to Eternal Life.” Bate, 19 Nov. 2020.

“Research.” The Real Immortal Jellyfish, 10 Dec. 2020.

Rich, Nathaniel. “Can a Jellyfish Unlock the Secret of Immortality?” The New York Times Magazine, 28 Nov. 2012.